Commentary

The terms bear and bull markets refer to trends in stock markets and can be used to describe the share price pattern in an overall market or index.  Individual securities…

Currency substitution, also known as dollarization, refers to a country’s use of a foreign currency in parallel to or in place of its own domestic currency. While currency substitution can…

The US Federal Reserve (FED) in its May 2022 meeting raised interest rates by 0.50% (50 bps), the single largest hike since 2000, bringing the rate to a target range…

Inflation relates to a situation where the purchasing power of money is eroded over time, typically manifesting as higher prices for goods and services. It is measured by the rate…

It is little surprise that the word “stagflation” is trending as the world contends with the possibility of slower economic growth, higher unemployment and higher inflation. Stagflation would be an…

The recent surge in catastrophic natural disasters and worldwide calamities would have forced most countries to re-evaluate economic growth models with specific emphasis on consumption and production practices. Presently, through…

After experiencing the worst economic downturn in more than a century, 2022 was ushered in with hopeful signs for recovery albeit with the scars of the crisis still visible in…

What are Bonds? Bonds are securities that represent a loan from a group of investors to a company, government or government agency.  The borrower will seek to issue bonds when…

International Market Review The strong momentum that characterized the last quarter of 2021 was not evident in the first quarter of 2022 as uncertainty and volatility permeated throughout much of…